At the end of the 80s house music added deep. Seminal artists like Larry Heard, Marshall Jefferson or Virgo Four abandoned the track-dominated sound palette and introduced musicianship to a genre that was then better known for dancefloor functionality. But it was from 1990 on that the vibe really spread and developed, particularly in New York City. I first heard the term flute house when Roger Sanchez released „Luv Dancin‘“ by Underground Solution. Some also called it ambient or mellow house. But the music was not made for home listening purposes, DJs would use it, too. As a gentle introduction, or as a moment of regeneration during peak time, or as the best possible way to ease the crowd out again into the early morning, so that not a single glorious moment of what just happened the hours before was tainted by something less. A lot of these tracks had enough kicks to have you working at any time, but they also seemed to be created for unique moments, closed eyes, embraces, disbelief evoked by sheer beauty. A lot of these tracks had tags like ambient or jazz in their titles and credits, but they did not really try to be either. The artists involved liked to display their musical abilities, and their skills to establish a mood and an atmosphere. They knew how to write a melody, they knew how to arrange their layers and instruments, they were determined to sound as good as their means would allow. By the time Frankie Knuckles‘ Whistle Song was released in 1991, the flutes, vibraphones, saxophones or similar instruments were already derided, but the sound had come to stay, until this day. This playlist gathers some classic moments that paved the way.
Logic – The Final Frontier (Acoustic Mix) (Strictly Rhythm, 1990)
Wayne Gardiner took Larry Heard’s gentle elegance (the bassline is lifted from Fingers Inc.’s deep house blueprint “Can You Feel It”) and added the archetypical swing of early 90s New York City house. His back catalogue is filled with lots of sublime grandeur, but this track is structured like a jazz band taking turns on their respective instruments, and steadily building up layer after layer of tension and drama in the process. The result is still peerless.
That Bobby Konders quit producing house music for a career in dancehall and dub productions when he was capable of track like this, is still a an irreparable trauma for many. As with many of his tunes, this can completely zone you out. Eight minutes of considerably relentless flutiness, accompanied by a dubbed out bassline and some eerie strings. A psychedelic masterpiece.
The Vision – Shardé (Nu Groove, 1991)
Eddie Maduro was an accomplice of Wayne Gardiner (for example he co-wrote Logic‘s „The Warning“ and supplied its seminal vocal introduction), and this is one of his finest moments. It is named after his daughter, and I am very convinced that the world would be a better place if such a beautiful piece of music would be composed for every child.
The Nick Jones Experience – Wake Up People (Massive B, 1991)
New Jersey DJ and producer Nick Jones with a total gem on Bobby Konders‘ Massive B imprint, with some help by Satoshi Tomiie. Not your typical house groove, but this forever remained a special track for special moments anyway. But if chosen wisely, it can elevate those moments to something completely else, be it in the club or when you are on your own.
Beautiful People – I Got The Rhythm (Club Mix) (Cabaret, 1991)
I assume this collaboration of Joey Longo aka Pal Joey with Manabu Nagayama and Toshihiko Mori came into being when King Street Sounds label head Hisa Ishioka introduced American and Japanes producers to each other in the early 90s. This tracks bears the trademark Pal Joey mixture of hip hop ruffness and deep sounds, but it is way longer, more complex in structure, and it even adds a steady breakbeat to fine effect. Beautiful People indeed, and they sure got the rhythm.
The people of Hamburg rarely boast about their achievements, which is why you probably do not know about the club this compilation is about. But you should know about it. The club was called Front, and it lasted from 1983 to 1997, which in itself is quite an achievement. But what happened there in those years is the real treat.
Hamburg in the 1980s had a vibrant nightlife. Mod, soul and (post) punk culture had seemingly always been covered by numerous record stores, live and dance venues, such was the diversity of styles after disco collapsed in on itself when its boom was over at the end of the 1970s. A lot of people say that this was the time when things got really interesting in terms of music, and they are probably right. Klaus Stockhausen definitely knew that. He started DJing in 1977, in clubs in Cologne, Frankfurt and Amsterdam, and had already reached considerable status when Willi Prange and his partner Phillip Clarke opened Front six years later. They were very keen on laying the focus on quality dance music at their club. They knew about Stockhausen and had been travelling to Cologne frequently to hear him play. And when he happened to visit Front by chance in early 1983, Prange recognized him, fell onto his knees and asked him to become the resident DJ. Stockhausen accepted.
His new workplace offered few distractions from the music. It was located in the basement of a high-rise building owned by Leder-Schüler, a leather manufacturing company, in a rather nondescript business district near the Berliner Tor station, away from the traditional entertainment hotspots near the harbour. But in its early years Front was a strictly gay club, and its clientele made no little effort to enjoy the experience, doubtless content that the straight crowds amusing themselves elsewhere across town were shying away from it. The rooms were raw, with low ceilings and bare walls, and through a long corridor you could either descend further into a bar area, or turn right to the dance floor, which was surrounded by low platforms with railings. The quadrophonic sound system was not exactly an audiophile’s dream, but it was very efficient, and very loud. The light-show consisted simply of strobes and multicoloured fluorescent tubes, lighting up the dark at mysterious intervals, and an illuminated sign reading “Danger”. But the boldest statement was that you could not see the DJ. The booth in the corner was completely secluded, leaving the DJ to check the intensity level through some tiny portholes or, more commonly, by gauging the sheer volume of screaming on the floor (thankfully there was plenty of that). It is still unclear what led the Front owners to build the booth in that way, but it was there right from the beginning, and both the DJs and the dancers appreciated it. It meant that the music unfolded like some force from somewhere else, and it was more important than anything else in the room. Of course you can only make this setup work if you know your crowd exceptionally well and, in return, if your crowd trusts you blindly. And the music was much better than good enough, keeping the attention of revellers throughout the night.
Klaus Stockhausen got to know his crowd very well indeed. Being a resident in those days meant that he played every night from Tuesday to Sunday, for eight to nine hours that he programmed more like a rollercoaster, in terms of tempo and intensity, than a constant peak time. He loved it. He had enough time to test new records and develop a sound that fitted the location and educated the crowd perfectly. Sure, old and new disco and other subsequent sounds as synthpop, electro, freestyle, boogie, hi-NRG and italo where played by other DJs in other clubs around town, but they were not played in the same manner as they were at Front. Klaus Stockhausen had unique mixing skills, with an unerring and adventurous taste, and he worked according to his own intuition, which soon made the Front experience incomparable to other places. He had a preference for edgier, more dynamic dub and instrumental versions and utilized scratching, a capellas and sound effects (the tractor sound bookending the mixes of this compilation being a prime example), and, generally, even if you knew some of the records, at Front they never sounded like you remembered. And they were all played in a way that was so coherent that every further development to the sound palette of the time was immediately sucked into the sound of Front. Thus, from 1984 on, when well selected local stores like Tractor and later Rocco and Container Records started stocking the first house music imports, it did not feel like a major change to proceedings; it felt like an addendum.
But still, after a transitional period, the house sound gained momentum. Around the same time, Klaus Stockhausen started to have a second, equally successful, career as a stylist and fashion editor and, never having been interested in the techno craze or the cult of personality that was beginning to emerge around DJs, he felt it was time to cut down on playing out. Thankfully another, equally talented DJ appeared on the scene with whom he shared the residency until he finally quit in 1992 to concentrate fully on his work in fashion.
In 1984, at the age of 16, Boris Dlugosch educated himself on cassette live recordings from the club and began practicing his own skill set. In 1986 he handed in a demo tape and was rewarded with the job, which, of course, really says something. And soon it became obvious that he could fill the shoes of his predecessor and mentor, even though Klaus Stockhausen had shaped the needs of the Front crowd for such a long time. It certainly helped, though, that the now-dominating house music was evolving so quickly, and that the Front DJs had easy access to the newest releases. But after the early sounds from Chicago had morphed into acid house in the late 1980s, the stylistic variety for which the club was so cherished seemed to be at risk, and the Front residents decided to keep any potential conformity at bay. So when techno established itself in 1990/91, Front did not give in to the desire for harder and steadier beats but instead embraced the machine funk of Detroit, the freestyle hybrids from New York City, and sounds emanating from the UK (the latter also helped by the anglophile tradition of Hamburg’s club culture, the proximity of which had always led to a healthy exchange of ideas taking place either side of the North Sea). Still, techno was increasingly defining itself in terms of harder and faster and, in the process, it lost its groove. Thus, Boris Dlugosch switched the mode nearly overnight to garage and deep house, and mixed these sounds to such new heights that the typical Front floor dynamics were never lost, they just sounded different. The reputation of Hamburg as national and international hub for house music has its origins right there. House had been played at Front since 1984, so it was one the first clubs outside of the US to feature it, but now it was also defining it. And it was opening up. The door policy was not strictly gay anymore, and guest DJs like Frankie Knuckles, DJ Pierre or the Murk Boys from the US were invited, often playing their first gigs abroad. Nevertheless the club was, in the main, ruled by its resident DJs, first and foremost Boris Dlugosch, but also Michi Lange and Michael Braune. They all defined the ‘90s at Front, as the club managed to uphold its wild hedonism, inventiveness and versatile approach for nearly another decade.
But it was also undeniable that nightlife was changing. More and more DJs entered the scene, and the identification with weekly residencies was fading. In Hamburg, as in any other local club scene, competition was soaring and increasingly crowds grew eager to catch a glimpse of the next big thing, something new, something unfamiliar (however great that was). And, feeling their club was growing apart from that with which they had once fallen in love, the original Front dancers were no longer as fiercely loyal. But pioneering is always easier than maintaining status quo, arguably better, and, true to its original spirit, the club closed its doors at a level that was still extraordinary. And it lives on – you can trace its legend in so many wonderful things.
It really is something to boast about. These mixes by Klaus and Boris in commemoration of Front are long overdue and they stay true to its legacy. Even if they represent but a tiny fraction of the whole picture, they still belong to that picture. And I hope you now want to know more.
In den Anfängen der Clubkultur in den frühen 60er Jahren war das Renommee eines Clubs untrennbar mit dem Stamm- oder Resident DJ verbunden, und das über blieb Dekaden so, teilweise bis heute. Das hat natürlich gute Gründe. Ein Club muss mit Leben gefüllt sein. Ein Club kann nur florieren, wenn er möglichst oft gut besucht ist. Um das zu gewährleisten, suchten die Clubbetreiber nach DJs die das Charisma, die Fertigkeiten und den Geschmack hatten, ein loyales Stammpublikum aufzubauen, das regelmäßig in den Club kam, um genau diesem DJ zuzuhören. Wenn jemand das besonders gut konnte, versuchte die Konkurrenz den DJ abzuwerben, und man konnte sich stetig eine Karriere aufbauen. Gerade der Konkurrenz- und Erfolgsdruck war aber auch eine große Hürde. Die Clubbetreiber und ihr Publikum stellten hohe Ansprüche, im Krankheitsfall lauerten schon DJs aus dem zweiten Glied darauf, den Stammplatz streitig zu machen, und vor allem das Arbeitspensum jener Jahre war eine hohe Belastung. Denn der Resident DJ spielte mehrmals die Woche, vom Anfang bis zum Ende der Nacht. Ich habe mal ein zwölfstündiges Set von Robbies Leslie gehört, aufgenommen 1985 im New Yorker Club The Saint, einem Wallfahrtsort der schwulen Clubkultur. Der Mann leistet sich in der ganzen Zeit nicht einen einzigen verpatzten Übergang, und das mit Plattenspielern mit Riemenbetrieb, und teilweise mit Platten, bei denen ein Mensch das Schlagzeug bedient, und nicht ein Gerät. Dann stelle man sich die gleichen Arbeitsstunden beim DJ-Pionier Francis Grasso vor, der Anfang der 70er nicht mal über 12“s und die dazugehörigen Extended Versions der Musik verfügen konnte, geschweige denn einen vernünftigen Mixer. Diese DJs waren wirklich harte Hunde, und viele von ihnen konnten die enormen Belastungen ihrer Arbeit nur mit Hilfe von Drogen bewältigen, was meistens nicht über längere Zeit gut ging.
Hat man sich aber die Treue des Publikums erarbeitet, bietet die lange Distanz einer Residency für den DJ erheblichen Spielraum. Zum einen weiß man, was die Tänzer wollen, man hat es ihnen ja schließlich selbst beigebracht, zum anderen kann man sein Publikum auch dahin bringen Musik zu mögen, die es vorher noch nicht kannte, oder sogar mochte. Man hat einen Vertrauensvorschuss, der lange genug anhält um etwas auszuprobieren. Wenn es gut läuft, verschafft man sich damit noch mehr Spielraum, und auch noch mehr Fame. Wenn es schlecht läuft, wird einem noch verziehen. DJs wie Larry Levan und Ron Hardy spielten Testpressungen und Bandaufnahmen die ihnen gefielen so oft, bis sie allen gefielen. Die vielleicht größten und wichtigsten Klassiker in der Geschichte der Clubmusik wurden von Resident DJs durchgesetzt, weil sie ihr Potential erkannten, und das ihren Tänzern auch vermitteln konnten. Ein Resident DJ hat zudem die Möglichkeit, einen Sound zu vereinnahmen, zu definieren und weiterzuentwickeln. Viele berühmte DJs stehen immer noch für einen bestimmten Sound, den sie in einer Residency entwickelten. Siehe z. B. Junior Vasquez in der Sound Factory, Tony Humphries im Club Zanzibar, Alfredo im Amnesia, oder Frankie Knuckles im Warehouse. Eine Residency kann so erfolgreich sein, dass der damit verknüpfte Sound Kreise zieht, aufgenommen wird, und sich bestmöglich sogar als eigenes Genre etabliert. Der Resident DJ kann selbst bestimmen, wie man dabei vorgeht. Eine langer Zeitraum muss Nacht für Nacht gefüllt werden, und man kann und sollte nicht stundenlang auf die Tube drücken. Eine Residency hat eine individuelle Dramaturgie, einen Prolog, einen Epilog, und dazwischen meistens mehrere Höhepunkte, zu denen sich wie in einer Achterbahn hochgeschraubt wird, und wieder herunter. Viele Resident DJs entwickeln auch Markenzeichen, welche die Identifikation ihrer Tänzer mit dem Club unterstützen. Mix-Techniken, Sound- und Lichteffekte, und vor allem bestimmte einzelne Tracks oder Sequenzen mehrerer Tracks, der Reiz des Zusammenspiels entsteht gerade dort wo man ist, und wird für immer damit verbunden bleiben. Die Tanzfläche dankt eine solche Leistung dann gerne auch mit Ritualen, Bewegungen oder Fashion-Impulsen, und führt die stilprägende Eigendynamik der Residency fort. Ein interaktiver Raum entsteht, in dem die große, gemeinsame Geschichte erzählt wird. Man kann viele DJs und Clubgänger treffen, die von solchen Erfahrungen tief geprägt sind, und es für das Nonplusultra halten.
Die Definition einer Residency hat sich über die Jahre verändert. Natürlich gibt es immer noch Clubs und DJs, die nach diesem Prinzip funktionieren. Aber der Club, der über Jahre nur von einem oder wenigen festangestellten DJs bespielt wird, ist nahezu ausgestorben. Als Resident DJ wird im Allgemeinen der DJ bezeichnet, der allwöchentlich vor oder nach den Guest DJs auflegt. Natürlich ist das eine sehr wichtige Funktion im Getriebe, und sie bietet auch noch einige Freiheiten, die eine herkömmliche Residency mal charakterisiert haben. Aber sollte es sich um einen älteren Guest DJ handelt, besteht eine gute Chance, dass dieser sich seinen Status als tourender DJ noch mit einer Residency erarbeitet hat, die komplett der klassischen Definition entspricht. Vor allem englische Clubs haben Ende der 80er möglichst viele DJs gebucht, auf immer größeren Veranstaltungen. Daraus hat sich ein flächendeckender Teufelskreis ergeben, unter dem die Geduld und die Aufmerksamkeitsspanne des Publikums eher gelitten hat. Man erlebt in der Regel pro Nacht mehrere Kurzgeschichten, die nicht immer ein Ganzes ergeben, das im Gedächtnis bleibt. Und viele DJs haben eine Residency in gedachten Anführungszeichen, in verschiedenen Clubs, in verschiedenen Ländern, und spielen nur einen Teil der Veranstaltung, nur ein paarmal im Jahr. Da kann man dann auch keinen größeren Bogen spannen als der DJ, der zu Besuch ist, und in einem beschränkten Zeitrahmen für seinen Marktwert den bestmöglichen Eindruck hinterlassen muss, mit den entsprechenden Kompromissen, und oft mit dem entsprechenden Mangel an Überraschungen.
Ich bezweifle, dass sich das Rad nochmal zurückdreht, es muss auch nicht sein. Trotzdem ein Hoch auf jeden Club, der sich bemüht, die lange Distanz vor der Vergessenheit zu bewahren. Viele ehemalige klassische Resident DJs freuen sich über die Gelegenheit, sich nochmal eine ganze Nacht lang beweisen zu können, viele jüngere DJs die nie Resident gewesen sein konnten, vermissen die Gelegenheit, es überhaupt mal zu versuchen. Für viele Clubgänger bietet sich aber in jedem Fall eine Alternative, die man erlebt haben sollte. Wenn diese Schule also nochmal ihre Türen öffnet, tretet ein. Man lernt eine ganze Menge.
You published your first book „Love Saves The Day“ in 2003, and although there had been plenty of literature on the topic of the classic Disco era of the 70s in New York City, it still stood out. What led you to write it?
I don’t know if that much had been written. Albert Goldman’s book „Disco“ had come out in 1979 and contains a small amount of information on David Mancuso’s private party, the Loft, and the Sanctuary, the discotheque where the pioneering Francis Grasso DJed, but it’s main focus is on the midtown discotheque Studio 54. In 1997 Anthony Haden-Guest published „The Last Party“, but that was mainly about Studio 54 and was largely concerned with celebrity culture. Both had a completely difficult reading of disco to the one I developed in “Love Saves the Day”, which focused on the influence of DJs on the rise of dance culture and what came to be known as Disco. I thought they missed the underlying dynamic of what made the culture so exciting.
Is it true that „Loves Saves The Day“ originally started out as an introductory chapter of a book about House Music?
Yes, that is true. The book about House Music was supposed to start in mid-1980s Chicago and then move on to New York City and the beginnings of UK Rave culture. I was born in 1967, so for me Disco was the music I liked when I was a kid, because the music reached its commercial peak in 1977/78. By the time I was in my 20s I was ready for something completely different and that came in the form of House Music, thus the original idea for the book. But I ended up interviewing David Mancuso early into my research, even though he was a relatively unknown figure at the time, and when he suggested that the history should begin with the Loft in 1970 I asked other interviewees, including house legends Tony Humphries, Frankie Knuckles and David Morales, if they’d heard of David and the Loft. They all replied that the Loft had been a transformational experience and so I quickly came to understand that the history of underground dance culture—a culture that ended up inspiring Disco—had yet to be narrated. Initially I thought I’d write a chapter about the 1970s but by the time I’d written 500 pages I’d only reached the end of 1979, so that turned out to be a book in itself. I just became fascinated by the way in which the communication between the person selecting the records and the dancing crowd introduced an entirely different form of musicianship to the world.
This marked the beginnings of contemporary DJ culture and it amounted to a form of democratic music-making that was firmly rooted in the counterculture, or the social forces that were unfolding in the US of that era. Before the beginning the 1970s DJs were required to “kill the dance floor” with a slow song every five or six records in order to persuade dancers to buy a drink. But when Mancuso and Grasso started playing at the beginning of 1970 they played to dancers who were rooted in the culture of gay liberation, civil rights, feminism, experimentation with LSD, and the anti-war movement. Grasso was already playing at the Sanctuary in the late 1960s and told me it was quite boring, but when the Sancutary became the first public discotheque to welcome gay men onto the dance floor at the beginning of 1970 the dancing became much more energetic and Grasso decided to try to maintain the intensity by inventing the technique of mixing two records together. Mancuso, meanwhile, started to hold dance parties in his downtown loft on Valentine’s Day 1970 and gave the party the name “Love Saves the Day”, which referenced universal love and the acid trip. Rather than mix records together, Mancuso took his dancers on a transformational journey through the juxtaposition of sound.
There is a direct lineage from the early days of The Loft through to New York dane venues such as the Paradise Garage, because the Garage owner Michael Brody and his resident DJ Larry Levan were Loft regular. The influence extends to the origins of House Music, because Robert Williams attended the Loft before he opened the Warehouse in Chicago, where he employed Frankie Knuckles to DJ, and the coinage House Music first referred to the music Knuckles would play at the Warehouse. Knuckles was also a Loft regular. So in many paths led back to the Loft. Everything seemed to be connected.
Were the interviewees in „Love Saves The Day“ waiting to tell their story?
Yes, because up to then it had not really been told, even if their cultural influence in the 70s turned out to be enormous. By the time I got home after that first interview with David Mancuso word there were five messages from people he knew and who were ready to talk on my answer machine—so it seems as though he trusted me and that there was a desire for this untold story to be told. One of the messages was from the DJ Steve D’Acquisto, who introduced me to Francis Grasso, and so things unfolded from there. This all took place in 1997, so a couple of years, I believe, before Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton started to track down David and Francis for their book „Last Night A DJ Saved My Life“.
Did you feel it was important to emphasize the political aspects of Disco?
I would say they emphasised themselves because Disco was so obviously political. The backlash against Disco peaked with the Disco Demolition night at a baseball game in Chicago’s Comiskey Park on July 12th 1979, where a local radio DJ asked the audience to bring Disco records and then blew them up in the middle of the baseball double-header. It amounted to a Mid-Western backlash against the multicultural and polysexual coalition that underpinned disco culture and I’ve argued that in many respects we can track the rise of Donald Trump (and before him Ronald Reagan) to this moment. Disco became one of the first scapegoats for the decline of industrial culture in the United States and Trump appealed to the same disenfranchised and discontented demographic. I’m always interested in the correlation between music scenes and the wider culture in which they occur. So “Love Saves the Day” was about more than Disco, even if Disco was one of its central concerns. It’s important to remember that Disco music didn’t emerge as a genre until 1974, so the first for years of the book analyse a period when the culture was fermenting but didn’t have a name or a settled sound. It’s also important to note the version of disco depicted in „Saturday Night Fever“ had very little to do with the kind of culture that was still taking place in downtown New York, and by the end of 1978 downtown DJs were also becoming tired of commercial disco. The quality of the music had declined and it was time for something new. But the downtown expression of the culture survived the backlash. Read the rest of this entry »
Als Dein erstes Buch Loves Saves The Day erschien, gab es schon mehrere Bücher über die klassische Ära Disco-Musik der 70er in New York, aber es stach hervor. Was bewog Dich, es zu schreiben?
Disco von Albert Goldman erschien 1979, aber es handelte vornehmlich vom Club Studio 54. Es gab darin eine ziemlich rassistische Referenz über David Mancusos Club The Loft und flüchtige Erwähnungen eines weiteren DJ-Pioniers, Francis Grasso. Zudem schrieb Anthony Haden-Guest The Last Party, aber darin ging es auch hauptsächlich um das Studio 54 und deren Celebrity-Kultur. Beide hatten ein anderes Interesse an Nightlife-Kultur, und das hatte nichts mit DJs zu tun, und ich dachte, dass sie an der eigentlichen Dynamik vorbeigingen, die Partys so interessant macht.
Stimmt es, dass Loves Saves The Day ursprünglich als Einleitungskapitel eines Buches über House-Musik gedacht war?
Ja, das stimmt. Das Buch über House sollte in Chicago Mitte der 80er einsetzen und dann zum New York der späten 80er übergehen, und von dort zu den Anfängen der englischen Rave-Kultur. Ich bin 1967 geboren, für mich war Disco also Musik, die ich zu ihrem Gipfel 1977/78 als Kind gemocht hatte. Als ich wirklich anfing, mich für Musik zu interessieren ging ich aus und interessierte mich für House. Aber ich interviewte für das Projekt DJs wie Tony Humphries, Frankie Knuckles, oder David Morales, und sie alle erwähnten einen anderen DJ als großen Einfluss, und das war David Mancuso. Also traf ich mich mit ihm und er riet mir, nicht nur mit Disco anzufangen, sondern mit der Zeit davor, den frühen 70ern. Zuerst behagte mir die Idee nicht, aber als Journalist erkannte ich, dass da eine Story war. Und es ist auch wichtiger Teil von Nachforschungen, den Ursprüngen nachzuspüren, und ich sah mich immer zwischen dem Journalismus und dem akademischen Betrieb. Also vergrub ich mich in das Thema für die Einleitung, und 500 Seiten später war ich im Jahr 1979 angelangt, und beendete ein völlig anderes Buch. Ich erkannte sehr früh, dass die wichtigste Entwicklung in dieser Kultur stattfand, als die Kommunikation zwischen DJ und tanzendem Publikum einen völlig neuen Umgang mit der Musik einführte. Und es war auch Teil der Gegenkultur, eng mit den sozialen Kräften verbunden, die in den USA dieser Ära am Werk waren: die Schwulenbewegung, Bürger- und Frauenrechte, LSD-Experimente, und die Anti-Kriegsbewegung.
Hatten die Interviewten des Buches schon darauf gewartet, ihre Geschichte erzählen zu können?
Ja, denn bis dahin wurde ihre Geschichte nicht wirklich erzählt, auch wenn ihr kultureller Einfluss in den 70ern enorm war. Als ich nach dem ersten Interview mit David Mancuso nach Hause kam, hatte sich schnell herumgesprochen, dass man mir trauen konnte, und ich hatte einige Nachrichten von seinen Freunden auf dem Band, unter anderem vom DJ Steve D’Acquisto, der mich wiederum Francis Grasso vorstellte, und dann ging es von dort weiter. Das alles geschah ab 1997, bevor einige von ihnen mit Bill Brewster und Frank Broughton für ihr Buch Last Night A DJ Saved My Life sprachen. Als Mancuso und Grasso Anfang der 70er anfingen aufzulegen, gab es einen demografischen Wandel auf den Tanzflächen, und beide legten den Grundstein für das, was wir heute unter DJ-Kultur verstehen. Grasso war z. B. der Stamm-DJ des Sanctuary, das bis Ende der 60er eine heterosexuelle Diskothek war, und dann die erste, die Schwule einließ. In den 60ern musste der DJ ab und zu die Tanzfläche abwürgen, damit die Bar ihren Umsatz machen konnte. Aber dann wurde irgendwann so frenetisch getanzt, dass Grasso diese Intensität hochhalten wollte, und dafür erfand er die Technik des Mixens von zwei Platten. Die Herangehensweise von Mancuso war hingegen, als musikalischer Gastgeber einer Privatveranstaltung zu fungieren, in seinem eigenen Loft, ausgestattet mit einer hochwertigen Hifi-Anlage, und seine Gäste auf eine musikalische Reise zu schicken. Und seine erste Party fand am Valentinstag 1970 statt, unter dem Motto „Love Saves The Day“. Es führt eine direkte Linie vom frühen Loft zu anderen New Yorker Clubs wie der Paradise Garage, deren Besitzer Michael Brody und Stamm-DJ Larry Levan regelmäßige Gäste waren. Auch Robert Williams ging dorthin, was ihn dazu bewog, das Warehouse in Chicago zu eröffnen, in dem Frankie Knuckles als DJ die Grundfesten von House errichtete. Alle Wege führten zurück zum Loft, es war alles verbunden.
War es Dir ein Anliegen, die politischen Aspekte von Disco hervorzuheben?
Absolut. Die Reaktion gegen Disco fand ihren Höhepunkt in der Disco Demolition Night bei einem Baseball-Match im Comiskey Park-Stadion in Chicago am 12. Juli 1979. Ein lokaler Radio-DJ hatte dazu aufgefordert, Disco-Platten mitzubringen und jagte sie dann zwischen zwei Spielen in die Luft. Es war eine Gegenreaktion im Mittleren Westen. Ich würde argumentieren, dass die Wahl Donald Trumps zum US-Präsidenten dort begann. Es ist die gleiche Zusammensetzung und Grundstimmung einer Bevölkerungsgruppe, die sich sich ökonomisch abgehängt fühlte, und Disco-Kultur wurde zum Sündenbock für den Verfall der Industrie. Ich interessiere mich immer für die Korrelation zwischen einer Mikrokultur und der Makrokultur, in der sie erfahren wird. In diesem Buch ging es um mehr als nur Disco. Disco-Musik definiert als solche gab es erst ab 1974, es gab also schon vier Jahre davor, in denen all diese Entwicklungen stattfanden.
Hattest Du während des Schreibens den Musiker Arthur Russell schon als Schlüsselfigur ausgemacht, an dem sich die Verbindungen dieser Entwicklungen aufzeigen ließen? Er wurde dann ja der Mittelpunkt Deines nächsten Buches Hold On To Your Dreams.
Definitiv. Während der Gegenreaktion wurde es offensichtlich, dass sich die Disco-Szene, wie sie im Film Saturday Night Fever dargestellt wurde, weit von ihren Ursprüngen entfernt hatte. Sie explodierte zu einem Lebensstil, und selbst Disco DJs hatten es satt. Die Qualität der Musik hatte stark abgenommen und es war an der Zeit für etwas Neues. Steve D’Acquisto stand Arthur Russell sehr nahe und schlug mir vor, ein Buch über ihn zu schreiben. Mir wurde klar, dass ich nicht wie automatisiert Chronologie und Themen abarbeiten wollte. Mein Lektor war zuerst besorgt, dass sich nicht genug Leute für Russell interessieren würden, denn seine Musik wurde zwar noch gespielt und gehört, aber nach seinem Tod 1992 verschwand er als Person aus der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung. Aber 2003 schrieb David Toop einen langen Text über ihn in der Zeitschrift Wire, da zwei posthume Veröffentlichungen bevorstanden, und das Interesse lebte wieder auf und machte das Buch möglich. Natürlich war er ein interessante Person, aber ich hatte mich nie wirklich für die Gattung der Biografie interessiert. Ich interessiere mich für Szenen, die nach dem Mitwirkungsprinzip funktionieren. Arthur Russell hatte sich aber immer für Kollaborationen begeistern können, und die sozialen Erfahrungen, die durch Musik ermöglicht werden, und er war von sich aus offen für verschiedene Arten von Musik. Daher wurde er zu dieser Schlüsselfigur, die sich durch verschiedene Szenen von Downtown New York bewegte, wie etwa Orchestrale Musik, Punk, dann Disco und Hip Hop sowie Folk und Dub. Und er bewegte sich nicht der Reihe nach, und wechselte eine Szene durch eine andere aus, er machte es ohne Priorisierung und ohne hierarchisches Denken. Er wollte, dass die Szenen eine simultane Konversation haben, und er war sehr mobil. Read the rest of this entry »
We should probably start at the very beginning. What were your baby steps as a DJ, what led you to being a DJ in the first place?
I think in the first place was the love for music. And I can remember when I was really, really young, with a babysitter, and we’re talking about the days of 45s. The first record that I actually remember and I was spinning was „Spinning Wheel“ by Blood, Sweat & Tears.
Good choice.
You know my family was from Puerto Rico and there was no American music in my house.
It was mostly Latin music?
Only Latin music. And we’re talking about Merengue, Salsa. Folk music from Puerto Rico. And I didn’t like it. And it’s funny because today I appreciate Latin music. Since I became a producer, now I appreciate Latin music for the production, the instrumentation, the musicians, because Latin music is not machine-made, not at all. So the first 45 that was in my house was “Jungle Fever” by Chakachas. My parents had this fucking 45 that was this erotic fucking record. And we’re talking about these stereos that were like these big fucking wooden consoles with the big tuner for the radio and the thing with the record where you put some records in the thing and it dropped one at a time and when it ended the thing drops. It must’ve been when I was about six or seven there was an illegal social club. You know I was living in the ghetto. So there were illegal social clubs that were like a black room, with day-glo spray paint, fluorescent lights to make the paint glow and they had a jukebox. And they’d play the music back then. „Mr. Big Stuff, who do you think you are“. It was all about the O’Jays and that kind of music. And I liked that. I used to sneak downstairs and such.
So when was that?
It was like the late sixties. Because I was born in ’62 so by ’70 that makes I was 8 years old. So it was before that because then I moved. Anyway, so fast forward the first 45 that I liked was the O’Jays. The first 45 I actually bought. And I remember playing that record I a hundred times a day. Putting the bullshit speaker we had in the house outside the window, we lived on the first floor. I played the record to death.
So you played it to the whole neighborhood?
The whole neighborhood. The only record I had really. So then when I graduated elementary school, I used to be into dancing, like the Jackson 5 they had “Dancing Machine”, there were The Temptations and Gladys Knight & The Pips and I liked that music. So then when we got into Junior High School – when I was like 13 years old, I had a girlfriend and we went out when the first DJs came on in the neighborhood, which was like the black DJs. I saw the first two Technics set up and a mixer in someone’s house. I was like “Wow! That’s interesting.” I saw somebody doing this non-stop disco mix and I never knew what that was all about. So, I used to hang out with all my friends. I was a dancer, we used to do all this what we now call breakdancing. We would do battles. So, I had one turntable and my friend would say “David, we hangin’ at my place” and I would play some music for us. So I just was a kid that sat by the stereo with the records and put on the tunes, one at a time. Because back then that’s what it was, you’d play one tune at a time. If it ended, the people clapped and you’d play the next tune. And it was all songs.
How did you proceed from there?
I was one of those kids that used to go to the record store even though I had no money. Just to look at the records. To walk by a store that sold turntables and a mixer and be like “one day, one day…” And I’m not working so I can’t afford to buy anything. My first mixer was a Mic mixer. 1977 there was a blackout in New York and there was a lot of stealing so I came across a radio shack little Mic mixer that I set up to make it work with two turntables. You had to turn two knobs at the same time and it was like mixing braille because there was no cueing. My one turntable had pitch control, the other one had none. I was too young to go to clubs, so I never saw a proper DJ mixing. I only saw people outside, we would have block parties and people would be mixing. And I was one of those kids that was just standing there, watching. The first time I went to a club I was 15 years old, it was Starship Discovery One. It was on 42nd street in Times Square, and we got in. We shouldn’t have got in, but you know it was the end of the club, I was 15 and I got in. The DJ had three Technics, the original 1200s, and a Bozak mixer. The booth was a bubble, and I had my nose at the fucking bubble and I was just mesmerized. The first time I actually played on a real mixer I went to a house party at my friend’s brothers apartment. And in those days, most of the DJs who were really playing were gay DJs. “San Francisco” by the Village People was the big record. But I was into The Trammps, I was into James Brown, I was into Eddie Kendricks, Jimmy Castor Bunch, “The Mexican”, Sam Records and of course Donna Summer and all this kind of stuff. So I went to this house party and he was the DJ, the first proper mixer I saw – this was before I went to that club. And it was a black mixer, it had two faders and it had cueing. So I see the DJ there, he’s using headphones to cue. So my friend says “D, you wanna play some music?” and I’m like “Yeah, sure.” I grabbed the headphones, put them on and I hit the cueing, because I was watching the guy, and I’m hearing some music and and I was like “Oh shit…” When I played at that party, I’d still play how I know how to play, which was braille. Intro, outro. And it wasn’t about mixing. All the new bars at that time were advertising nonstop disco mixes.
It was even mentioned on the record sleeves.
Yes. And all that meant was that the music never stopped. Because before the music used to stop before the next record came in. So now it was continuous. That worked, so here came the name nonstop disco mix. And then at that time all these records started coming out. The disco 45 record. At my junior high school prom “Doctor Love” by First Choice was big. And I remember the guy playing it about four times. So my first 12″ of course was “Ten Percent” by Double Exposure, on Salsoul. Another record that I played to death out the window.
You were still doing that?
I was still doing that. I used to live to just play music. I loved it. I would leave in the morning to go to school because my parents would go to work. I would buy a bag of weed, buy a quart of beer and I would go home. And you know in the old days we had all those buildings where you could really play loud music and I had these stupid double 18 boxes in my fucking bedroom. Before I’d take a piss, I turned my system up. My mother used to be like “turn that music down, turn that music down, turn that music down!”
Did you begin to play out around that time?
Yes, and playing at parties in those days meant you carried your records. Because you didn’t play for two hours, you played the whole party. And the thing is, if you owned 5000 records, you took 5000 records to the party. And in those days we carried milk crates. So here I am carrying eight to ten milk crates to a party. Getting in a car, getting a cab, you have all your friends who would help you going there, but when you’re leaving there is nobody to help. And you had to take the stereo system with you. So you carry the sound system and you carried your records. You took everything. It wasn’t like going somewhere and you just bring your records and they have everything. You had to take everything. I did parties for 15 dollars, for 25 dollars and you had to chase people down for your money.
What kind of events were you doing?
I played in clubs, I did Sweet Sixteens, I did weddings, I did corporate events. I did anything. I also did parties in high school. I would advertise a party, we would bring the sound system to some kid’s house, the parents left to go to work, we’d bring the sound system fast, and I would advertise free beer and free joints. Even 50 people is a lot of people in somebody’s apartment. Imagine we’d take over the apartment and it’s like 10 in the morning and we’d be fucking banging it, banging it, banging it — and we’d get out by 3 in the afternoon before the person’s parents come home. God knows the mess, whatever the case, baby. And in those days the sound system was in the living room, the DJ booth in the bedroom. No monitors, it was just bang bang bang. As I started doing parties at an apartment I used to charge a dollar to get in, decorate the apartment, put up balloons, and it just started with friends. Obviously still free beers, free joints, the whole thing. And like I said, I just loved the music, it was just everything for me. I wanted to play every single day. Even when I didn’t have the equipment, I knew friends that bought decks and a mixer and a small sound system for their house and they weren’t DJs and they used to say “David, come to my house and play music for me.” And I would just die to play, it was just everything for me. Read the rest of this entry »
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